Teor de lipídeos em sorvetes de diferentes marcas, comercializados no Rio Grande do Sul / Lipid content in ice cream of different brands, marketed in Rio Grande do Sul

Duas amostras de sorvete sabor baunilha foram produzidas, uma com substituição de parte da gordura por fibra vegetal insolúvel "Z Trim" (com reposição de sólidos) e outra sem substituição de gordura (tradicional). As amostras foram analisadas em relação às quantidades de gorduras totais, saturadas e trans, assim como amostras de sorvetes similares, de outras marcas, comercializados em municípios de diferentes regiões do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo foi verificar as quantidades de gorduras dos sorvetes encontrados no mercado e comparar com as informações declaradas nos rótulos. A amostra com fibra apresentou redução de 18% de gorduras totais e de 14% de gorduras saturadas. Para trans, a alteração não foi significativa porque a amostra tradicional foi produzida com gordura low trans. Constatou-se que a fibra é uma alternativa interessante para sorvetes. Quanto à rotulagem, ao comparar-se as informações declaradas com os resultados de análises, observou-se que cinco marcas estavam em desacordo com a RDC n° 360, de 23 de dezembro de 2003 da ANVISA (BRASIL, 2003a).

Two samples of vanilla ice cream were produced. In one, part of the fat was replaced by an insoluble dietary fiber called "Z Trim" (with solids replacement) and in the other it wasn't done (traditional sample). Both samples were analyzed for the amount of total fats, saturated fats and trans fats. Samples of similar ice cream, of various brands, marketed in cities of different regions of Rio Grande do Sul, were analyzed too. The objective was to verify the amounts found in the market and compare them with the values declared on labels. The sample with fiber decreases 18% total fats and 14% saturated fats. For trans, the change was not significant because the traditional sample was produced with low trans fat. It shows that the fiber is an interesting alternative for ice cream. As for labeling, when it was compared the declared information with the analysis results, it was observed that five brands were in disagreement with ANVISA.

Implicações da ingestão de ácidos graxos trans sobre a saúde do consumidor / Implications of the intake of trans fatty acids on consumer health

O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os efeitos do consumo de ácidos graxos trans sobre a saúde do consumidor, servindo como veículo de alerta e informando sobre as quantidades diárias indicadas pelos órgãos competentes.

Trans fatty acid intake is associated with insulin sensitivity but independently of inflammation

High saturated and trans fatty acid intake, the typical dietary pattern of Western populations, favors a proinflammatory status that contributes to generating insulin resistance (IR). We examined whether the consumption of these fatty acids was associated with IR and inflammatory markers. In this cross-sectional study, 127 non-diabetic individuals were allocated to a group without IR and 56 to another with IR, defined as homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) >2.71. Diet was assessed using 24-h food recalls. Multiple linear regression was employed to test independent associations with HOMA-IR. The IR group presented worse anthropometric, biochemical and inflammatory profiles. Energy intake was correlated with abdominal circumference and inversely with adiponectin concentrations (r = -0.227, P = 0.002), while saturated fat intake correlated with inflammatory markers and trans fat with HOMA-IR (r = 0.160, P = 0.030). Abdominal circumference was associated with HOMA-IR (r = 0.430, P < 0.001). In multiple analysis, HOMA-IR remained associated with trans fat intake (β = 1.416, P = 0.039) and body mass index (β = 0.390, P < 0.001), and was also inversely associated with adiponectin (β = -1.637, P = 0.004). Inclusion of other nutrients (saturated fat and added sugar) or other inflammatory markers (IL-6 and CRP) into the models did not modify these associations. Our study supports that trans fat intake impairs insulin sensitivity. The hypothesis that its effect could depend on transcription factors, resulting in expression of proinflammatory genes, was not corroborated. We speculate that trans fat interferes predominantly with insulin signaling via intracellular kinases, which alter insulin receptor substrates.

Calidad de grasa, arterioesclerosis y enfermedad coronaria: efectos de los ácidos grasos saturados y ácidos grasos trans / Quality of fat intake, atherosclerosis and coronary disease: effects of saturated and trans fatty acids

Epidemiological, clinical and metabolic research has shown a strong association between dietary fatty acids intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and clinical events. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty acids (TFA) derived from industrial hydrogenation of oils have been associated with an increased prevalence of CVD. However experimental results on the relationship between physiological pathologic effects and specific functions of individual SFA are often contradictory. Therefore a more detailed exploration of the potential benefit and risks of specific saturated and trans fatty acids is needed in order to update dietary recommendations. In the case of TFAs, the deleterious effect on CVD has been well demonstrated and a maximum accepted level of 1 percent of total energy has been agreed internationally. What is currently under discussion is what would be the best alternative to replace them in the diet.

Trans fatty acid intake among the population of the city of São Paulo, Brazil / Consumo de ácidos graxos trans na população da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the monounsaturated and polyunsaturated trans fatty acid intake among the general population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, in 2003, on a representative sample of 2,298 male and female subjects, including 803 adolescents (12 to 19 years), 713 adults (20 to 59 years) and 782 elderly people (60 years or over). Food intake was measured using 24-hour recall. Mean trans fatty acid intake was described according to gender and age group. RESULTS: The mean trans fatty acid intake was 5.0 g/day (SE = 0.1), accounting for 2.4 percent (SE = 0.1) of total energy and 6.8 percent (SE = 0.1) of total lipids. The adolescents had the highest mean intake levels (7.4 g/day; 2.9 percent of energy) while the adults and the elderly had similar intake (2.2 percent of energy for both; 6.4 percent of lipids and 6.5 percent of lipids, respectively). The mean trans fatty acid intake among adult and elderly women (approximately 2.5 percent of energy and 7.0 percent of lipids) was higher than among men in the same age group. The food item with the highest contribution towards trans fatty acids was margarine, accounting for more than 30 percent of total intake, followed by filled cookies among adolescents and meat among adults and the elderly. CONCLUSIONS: The trans fatty acid intake is above the level recommended by the World Health Organization. Replacement of the trans fatty acids in manufactured food items may be an effective measure for reducing trans fatty acid intake in Brazil.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o consumo de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e poliinsaturados de configuração trans na população geral. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em São Paulo, SP, 2003, com amostra representativa de 2.298 indivíduos, sendo 803 adolescentes (12 a 19 anos), 713 adultos (20 a 59 anos) e 782 idosos (60 anos ou mais), de ambos os sexos. O consumo alimentar foi medido por meio do recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Os valores médios de ingestão de ácidos graxos trans foram descritos segundo sexo e faixa etária. RESULTADOS: O consumo médio de ácidos graxos trans foi de 5,0g/dia (EP=0,1), correspondendo a 2,4 por cento (EP=0,1) do total calórico e 6,8 por cento (EP=0,1) do total de lipídios. Os adolescentes apresentaram as maiores médias de ingestão (7,4g/dia e 2,9 por cento energia), enquanto os adultos e idosos registraram ingestão semelhante (2,2 por cento energia; 6,4 por cento lipídios e 6,5 por cento lipídios, respectivamente). As médias de consumo de ácidos graxos trans entre mulheres adultas e idosas (aproximadamente 2,5 por cento energia e 7,0 por cento lipídios) foram maiores que as médias dos homens de mesma faixa etária. O alimento de maior contribuição para o consumo de ácidos graxos trans foi a margarina, representando mais de 30 por cento do total ingerido, seguido do biscoito recheado para os adolescentes e da carne bovina para os adultos e idosos. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de ácidos graxos trans encontra-se acima do preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A substituição dos ácidos graxos trans dos alimentos industrializados pode ser uma medida eficaz para a redução do consumo desse tipo de gordura no Brasil.